ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

                                                       ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

A branch of economics that analyzes the problems faced by developing countries and find ways to solve these problems so that developing countries can develop its economy even faster.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The activities carried out to develop the economy and living standards or
A process leading to increased per capita income of residents in long-term
Analysis of Economic Development Problems = Developing Countries
NOTICE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Before World War II, scientists have little regard for economic development, due to the following factors:
1. There are still many countries as colonies
2. Lack of effort from community leaders to discuss economic development. More concerned with the attempt to gain independence from the colonizers.
3. Economists analyze more economic failures and high unemployment (major depression)

Post-World War II (Th. 1942), many countries gained independence (ie: India, Pakistan, Phillipina, Korea & Indonesia), attention to economic development began to grow due to:
1. Colony which gained independence
2. The development of the ideals of the newly independent country to catch up to the economy.
The willingness of developed countries to assist developing countries in speeding
3. economic development.

Classification COUNTRIES WORLD

I. Based on the level of social welfare:

a. The State of the World I (First World)
(Developed Countries / Developed Country)

Western Europe (UK, France, Netherlands, Portugal, West Germany)
North America (USA, Canada)
Australia, New Zeland, Japan, Korea, China

b. The State of the World II (Second World)
(Developed Countries / Developed Country)
- Eastern Europe (Russia, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia)

c. The State of the World III (Third World)
(Developing Countries / South State)
- Most of Asia (except Japan, Korea and China),
- African Countries
- Countries Latin America (Central and South America).

Classification COUNTRIES WORLD

II. Based on Income Level
Per capita:

a.Negara Maju (Developed Country)> U $ 2,000
b.Negara Advanced Semi (Semi Developing Country)> U $ 400
c.Negara Poor (Under Developing Country) <U $ 400
Sources: World Bank, 1999.

Destination Development Economic Analysis:
1. Examine the factors that lead to lack of development.
2. Address factors that cause delays in construction.
3. Suggests ways in which the approach can be taken to overcome the problems encountered thus speeding up the course of development.
Important areas analyzed in Economic Development:

1. Problems of capital formation (investment)
2. The problem of foreign trade (Exports & Imports)
3. Problems savings mobilization (Saving)
4. The issue of foreign aid
5. Problems in agriculture or industry
6. Problems of education and its role in creating a development

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & ECONOMIC GROWTH

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;
ECONOMIC GROWTH;
1. REGARDLESS OF RATE INCREASE ADDED GDP POPULATION STRUCTURE AND CHANGE IN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION.
2. ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR ECONOMIC STATE EXPRESS ADVANCE.

CAUSES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ACCELERATION:


1. THE DESIRE to catch up
2. POPULATION GROWTH
3. MUST STATE IS DEVELOPED TO HELP NYSB
4. IS humanity THD NYSB

NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING METHOD


1. METHOD OF PRODUCTION (Production Method)
2. METHOD OF INCOME (Income Method)
3. METHOD OF EXPENDITURE (Expenditure Method)

11 NATIONAL INCOME CALCULATION OF PRODUCTIVE SECTORS:

1. AGRICULTURE
2. PROCESSING INDUSTRY
3. Mining and quarrying
4. ELECTRICAL
5. WATER AND GAS
6. BUILDING
7. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
8. TRADE
9. BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
10. Residential rental
11. DEFENSE
12. OTHER SERVICES

NATIONAL INCOME CALCULATION

1. NATIONAL INCOME APPLICABLE PRICE
(NOMINAL) (CURRENT PRICE)

2. NATIONAL INCOME FIXED PRICE (REAL)
(CONSTANT PRICE)

Per capita per year REVENUE FOR NEEDS TO KNOW:

1. COMPARE THE LEVEL OF WELFARE
SOCIETY OF PERIOD TO PERIOD

2. GROWTH RATE COMPARE
ECONOMY AMONG COUNTRIES

3. SEE WHETHER SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMY OF A COUNTRY.

Per capita income LEVEL LEVEL NOT FULLY REFLECT AND LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF A WELFARE STATE, BECAUSE:
1. WEAKNESSES WEAKNESSES-D sourced from IMPERFECT IN NATIONAL INCOME AND CALCULATING per capita income.
2. WEAKNESSES WEAKNESSES-D stems from the fact THAT LEVEL OF PUBLIC WELFARE ARE NOT DETERMINED BY INCOME LEVEL BUT ALSO THEIR IS BY OTHER FACTORS.

WEAKNESSES 1
1. Methodological and statistical weaknesses in calculating the per capita income with the value of its own currency and foreign currency
2. Occurs misrepresentation / too low thd poor countries because of the kind of activities in poor countries consists of small units and scattered in various corners allows for variables not included in the national income accounts
3. The official exchange rate of the currency of a country with foreign exchange price comparison does not reflect the two countries, although in theory it states said exchange rates

WEAKNESSES 2

OTHER FACTORS THAT DETERMINE INCOME LEVEL OF A COMMUNITY WELFARE STATE:
1. ECONOMIC FACTORS:
• AGE POPULATION STRUCTURE
• UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF REVENUE, NOT ENJOY SOME OF DEVELOPMENT.
• DIFFERENT PUBLIC EXPENDITURE complexion
• THE FIELD / leisure time HIGH
• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT REVENUE INCREASE FOR ONLY NO BUT ALSO TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYMENT.

NON ECONOMIC FACTORS:

- EFFECT customs
- CLIMATE AND NATURAL CONDITIONS AROUND
- Liability ACTING AND REMOVED THE OPINION AND ACTING

MONETARY INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT & NON MONETARY

MONETARY DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

1. Per capita income
2. Net Economic Welfare Indicators (Net Economic Welfare) Introduced William Nordhaus and James Tobin (1972), refining the values ​​of GNP to obtain a better economic indicator, with two ways:
a. Positive Correction: Pay attention to your free time (leisure time) and the informal sector economy.
b. Correction Negative: Damage to the environment by development activities

DEVELOPMENT OF NON-MONETARY INDICATORS

1. Social Indicators
By Backerman; distinguished 3 groups:
• Attempting to compare the level of welfare of society should be. in the two countries by improving the way the national income accounts, spearheaded by Collin Clark and Golbert and Kravis.
• Adjustment of revenue society should be. compared by considering the price of various countries.
• Attempts to compare the level of welfare of each country based on the data are ill-monetary (non-monetary indicators). Non-monetary indicators simplified (modified non-monetary indicators).

Quality of Life Index and the Human Development Index (HDI)

Morris D: Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) Quality of Life Index (IKH) which is a combination of three factors:

1. Life Expectancy
2. Death rate
3. Literacy levels.

Since the year 1990 the UNDP developed the Human Development Index (HDI) (Human Development Index HDI =):

(1). The survival rate
(2). Society and the literacy rate
(3). Level of real income per capita public
based on the purchasing power of each country.

The amount of index 0 s / d 1. The more close to 1 means a high human development index and vice versa.

Mixed Indicator
BPS: Susenas Core Welfare Indicators (Core NSES) Education: level of education, the literacy rate and the level of participation in education.

1. Health
average sick days, health facilities
2. Housing
sources of clean water and electricity, sanitation and quality of home
3. Labor force
labor force participation, Number of working hours, the main source of income, employment status
4. Family Planning and Fertilization
The use of milk, immunization rates, health attendance at births, contraceptive use
5. Economy
Levels of per capita consumption
6. Criminality
The number of thefts per year, the number of murders per year, the number of rapes per year.
7. Excursions
Frequency of trips per year
8. Access in the media
The number of newspapers, the number of radio and television sum

TASK BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

1. The difference between financial institutions banks and financial institutions are not the Bank are:Bank Products offered: current accounts, savings, deposits, loans, bank guarantees, l / c, collection, transfer, safe deposit box, clearing, travel check, foreign exchange transactions.Financial Institutions (Non-Bank): capital markets, financial markets, insurance, mortgage, leasing, factoring, modalventura, pension funds, plastic card.The main activities of banks: funds also raise funds,financial institutions (Non-Bank): more focused on the distribution of funds only2.Tugas basic tasks of Bank Indonesia (Central Bank) is:Establish and implement monetary policyOrganize and maintain payment systemRegulate and supervise banks
 Main 3.Peranan Banks are:Commercial Bank has a strategic role in aligning and balancing the elements of equitable development and results of development, economic growth and stability to support the implementation of national development.And be the main factor in running a banking business are:factor "confidence" of the community is a major factor in running a banking business.
 4. Factors that may be considered in the bank's lending is by analysis of the 5 C: Character Assessment (Character), Capability Assessment (Capacity), Assessment of capital (Capital), Assessment of collateral (Collateral), and assessment of the customer's business prospects debtor
 5.Yang including State Bank are:* BNI * INDEPENDENT* BRI* BTNThat includes private banks are:• BCA Artha Graha• Bukopin Bank Permata• OCBC Danamon• NISP

COOPERATION

I.LatarHISTORY OF COOPERATION1. HISTORY OF COOPERATION IN THE WORLDCooperatives are almost all industrialized countries and developing countries. Historically Cooperative: social institutions that grow on the basis of traditional solidarity and cooperation between individuals, ever evolving since the beginning of human history until the beginning of the industrial revolution in Europe in the late 18th and 19th centuries.These institutions are often called "COOPERATIVE preindustrial"Criteria historical cooperatives through sociological approaches to define the socio-political and social systems, community (gemeinschaft) and community groups that have a cooperative structure, in which the relationships between individuals characterized by solidarity and cooperation, and socio-political forces, which are divided equally among the economic them.In countries that are developing tribal system, form a large family, the local community, most helpful business, traditional cooperation. Cooperatives cooperatives called native (autochthonous cooperative) or traditional cooperation, for example: mutual assistance in Indonesia.A. PIONEER-PIONEER OF COOPERATIONA.1. PIONEER-PIONEER OF COOPERATIVE OF ROCHDALEWhich consists of 28 employees led by Charls Howard in the north England town of Rochdale, on 24 October 1844 establishing a retail business owned by its customers successful. This event is the birth of "Modern Cooperative Movement"Rochdale Equitable Pioneer's Cooperative Society, with cooperative principles:1. Membership is open.2. Democratic oversight.3. Limited interest on capital members.4. Refund of net income in accordance with the services to cooperatives.5. These items are only sold in accordance with the prevailing market price and should be in cash.6. There were no differences based on race, ethnicity, religion and political affiliation.7. The goods sold are genuine items and not damaged or fake.8. Education of members on an ongoing basis.A.2. PIONEER Schultze DELITSCHHerman Schultz-Delitsch (1808-1883), judge and member of the first parliament in Germany which successfully developed the concept badi initiatives and gradual development of urban credit cooperatives, cooperative provision of the means of production for the craftsmen, which is then applied by small traders, and other groups more.In addition to credit unions, cooperatives established Schulze other types, such as:1. Cooperative insurance for the risk of illness and death.2. Cooperative procurement of raw materials and production inputs and market their production.3. Cooperative production, which is where its members as owners and workers at the cooperative at the same time.A.3. PIONEER RAIFFEISSENRaiffeissen Friedrich Wilhelm (1818-1888) head of the village in Flemmerfeld, Weyerbush in Germany. Raiffeissen establish credit cooperatives based on solidarity and unlimited dependents borne by the members of the cooperative societies, and guided brdasarkan principle of self-help, self-managing, and supervising themselves.At that time the business main ideas of conception are:1. Establishment of co-operatives with a simple organization on the basis of group members who are few in number and need each other.2. Implementation of the management of co-operatives by people who trusted and respected by its members, for example: teachers, clergy, etc..3. Lending only to members, but the deposits accepted from non-members.In addition to the cooperative pioneers above, there are also pioneers from other countries such as:1. Luzatti Luigi (1841-1927) in Italy.2. Abbe de Lammerais (1782-1854) in France.3. Sir Horace Plunkett (1854-1932) in Ireland.2. Cooperatives in IndonesiaCooperatives in Indonesia, according to the 1992 Act, is defined as a business entity consisting of individuals or legal entities with the bases cooperative activities based on the principles of co-operatives as well as the economic movement is based on the principle of the family. In Indonesia, the cooperative principles have been laid down in Law no. 12 of 1967 and Law no. 25 of 1992. The principle of co-operatives in Indonesia is approximately equal to the internationally recognized principle with a slight difference, that is the explanation of the SHU (Business Profits).3. History of cooperatives in IndonesiaA brief history of the cooperative movement began in the 20th century, which generally is the result of that effort was not spontaneous and is not done by people who are very wealthy. Cooperative grow from among the people, while suffering in the economic and social field generated by the capitalist system mounting. Some people whose livelihoods simple with limited economic capacity, driven by the suffering and the economic burden of the same, spontaneously unite to help himself and his fellow man.In 1896 a municipal Patih R.Aria Wiria Atmaja in Navan set up a bank for public servants (aristocracy). He was driven by his desire to help those employees who increasingly suffer from trapped by moneylenders who provide loans with high interest rates. Patih intent is to establish a model of credit cooperatives in Germany. Ideals are then forwarded by the spirit of De Wolffvan Westerrode, a Dutch resident assistant. De Wolffvan Westerrode while on leave were able to visit Germany and advocated Aid Savings Bank will convert the existing Aid to Banks, Savings and Agriculture. Besides civil farmers also need to be helped as they increasingly suffer from the pressures of the pengijon. He also advocated changing into a cooperative bank.In addition, he founded the village granaries are encouraging farmers to save the harvest season and provide relief loans pceklik paddy season. He also tried to make it into barns Credit Cooperative Rice. But the Dutch government at the time was another opinionated. Bank Aid, Savings and Agriculture and Cooperative Village Office is not used but the Dutch government established a new village barns, village banks, pawnshops and cash Centrale which later became Bank Rakyak Indonesia (BRI). All of that is a business entity's authority and led by the people government.In the Dutch-forming cooperatives can not be implemented because:1. No government agencies or non-governmental agencies that provide information and education on cooperatives.2. There is no law that governs the cooperative.3. Colonial government itself is still in doubt because of political considerations suggest cooperatives, cooperative worry it will be used by the policy for the purpose of threatening the government colony.In 1908, Budi Utomo founded by Dr. Sutomo provide a role for the cooperative movement to improve the lives of the people. In 1915, regulations made Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging, and in 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatieve.In 1927 established Islamic Trade Unions, which aims to fight the economic position pengusah-indigenous entrepreneurs. Then, in 1929, established the Indonesian National Party fighting for the dissemination of the cooperative spirit.However, in 1933 out of a similar law Law no. 431 so lethal cooperative effort for the second time. In 1942 Japan occupied Indonesia. Japan then established cooperative kumiyai. Originally cooperative run smoothly. However, its function has changed dramatically and become a tool to benefit Japan, and misery to the people of Indonesia. After Indonesia's independence, on July 12, 1947, the cooperative movement in Indonesia Cooperative Congress held the first in Tasikmalaya. Today is then designated as the Day of Cooperatives Indonesia.SOURCE:1. purwakartakab.bps.go.id2. Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs3. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

                                ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 

IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION SULAWESI UTARA


Role of Education in Development

          Education is very strategis.John C. Bock, the Education and Development: A Conflict Meaning (1992), identifies the role of education as: socializing ideology and values ​​of the socio-cultural nation, to prepare the workforce to fight poverty, ignorance, and promote social change, opportunity and income leveling danuntuk . The first role is the political function of the two roles of education and the other is a function ekonomi.Berkaitan with the development of the role of education is very strategis.John C. Bock, the Education and Development: A Conflict Meaning (1992), identifies the role of education as: socializing ideology and values ​​of the socio-cultural nation, to prepare the workforce to fight poverty, ignorance, and promote social change, opportunity and income leveling danuntuk . The first role is the political function of the two roles of education and the other is a function ... Functional areas fisik.Sejalan paradigm, paradigm of socialization see the role of education in development are:a) developing individual competencies,b) higher level of competence is needed to increase productivity, andc) in general, improve the ability of citizens and the increasing number of citizens who have the capability will increase the life of society as a whole.

          Therefore, based on the socialization paradigm, educators ... economic, political and cultural, with the main purpose of improving
welfare of citizens of the nation as a whole. In the development process is the role of education is very strategis.John C. Bock, the Education and Development: A Conflict Meaning (1992), identifies the role of education as: socializing ideology and values ​​of the socio-cultural nation, to prepare the workforce to fight poverty, ignorance, and promote social change, danuntuk merataka ...Development is a continuous process covering all aspects of society, including social, economic, political and cultural, with the main aim improving the welfare of the nation's citizens as a whole. In the development process is the role of education is very strategis.John C. Bock, the Education and Development: A Conflict Meaning (1992), identifies the role of education as: socializing ideology and values ​​of the socio-cultural nation, to prepare the workforce to fight poverty, ignorance, and promote social change, opportunity and income leveling danuntuk . The first role is the political function of the two roles of education and the other is a function ekonomi.Berkaitan with the role of education in national development appears to be the center of the two paradigms for policy makers in education policy development: Functional Paradigm and socialization paradigm. Functional paradigm view that underdevelopment and poverty because people do not have enough people who have the knowledge, skills and modern attitudes. According to the experience in Western societies, educational institutions formal school system is the lead agency to develop the knowledge, skills and expertise to train and inculcate modern attitude of the individuals who are required in the development process. The evidence showed a strong correlation between a person's formal education and participation in development. Further developments arise, Human lnvestmen thesis, which states that
 investment in human beings is more profitable,Education Sector in Economic Development What's In North SulawesiDirection of the topic as described above if we look more specifically on economic development in the field of education in northern Sulawesi is allowed in the proposed jempol.hal we can see from the launch of the Movement of ALL SCHOOLS SHOULD or in short SHS Movement in Manado Town Square which took place on 16 November 2009, took place early spektakuler.rencana activities will begin with a healthy way by 10 thousand students were turned pesertannya booming, is estimated at 15 thousand students and teachers in activities that enliven the initial design of a 10 thousand steps.SHS movement has received full support from a number of parties, such as the Bank of North Sulawesi, Bank Indonesia, PLN, Telkom Flexy, Printing Manado, Tasik Ria Resort, as well as the Bank Manadiri.para It provides assistance in the form of money that is given through the student's account (Bank Flammable Rp 350 thousand per student per month), as well as school supplies from bags to stationery menulis.Selain set it at 15 schools in each district in the city of North Sulawesi has prepared a pilot project, to embrace the program students who drop out of school in order to going back to school.Governor SH Sarundajang (SHS) Saying thank you to all the parties, Mainly students and teachers in Manado for having participated in the launch of SHS itu.Katanya movement, a successful and prosperous nation has a human resources Reliable. "People should realize the importance of education is essential and fundamental to the advancement of regional, national and even
The country "he said." We aim to increase the degree of kualita HR in North Sulawesi.According Sarundajang, economic development in the field of education is an important key of pembangunan.ada many reasons for the development pendidikan.misalnya to support economic development, tourism development, including a special area of ​​economic policy.Meanwhile, North Sulawesi Province Department of Education Kadis who were then still held by cpc Djouhari Kansil revealed, with much of the attention of provincial and local government Manado North Sulawesi, is expected of all school-age children to enjoy education. "At least we have to reach the 0.1 people who are illiterate, and increased development index manusia.ujarnya.He Adds, these activities should be triggered throughout stacholders education in North Sulawesi, to foster a vital and strategic role of education in improving the welfare of the people of North Sulawesi.IPM SULUT TWO NATIONAL RANKINGSH Sarundajang governor asserted, one indicator of the success of human resource development is the achievement of Flammable human development index (HDI) in North Sulawesi in the last three years is above the national average and last in the order of 2 after DKI Jakarta.In the Year 2006 North Sulawesi, on IPM rose 74.37 points in the year 2008 increased to 75.16.Nilai 2007.tahun Sulawesi HDI above the national average in figures 70.10 (2006) .70.59 (2007) and
71.17 (2008). Components making up the HDI in 2008, the figure reached 72.01 years of life, the literacy rate of 99.31% and an average length of school year reached 8.80.With that basis, the SHS was determined further promote North Sulawesi, and he waved Nyiur to advance the province's no better way than on a policy of "Building Without Corruption".So, he took Drs Djouhari Kansil MPD as a deputy governor of North Sulawesi, North Sulawesi mendapinginya as a candidate for governor of North Sulawesi 2010-2015 period in the election on 3 August 2010 lalu.dalam time the phrase "I and the pack will continue to enforce Kansil governance in value due to the action and achievements, as well as respected for his sincerity and membanguna kejujuran.kesemuanya indispensable in society in a fair and prosperous North Sulawesi, said the pack was raised at the event Sarundajang declaration of the couple on Monday afternoon on 31 May 2010 last time.Vice Governor, Drs Djouhari Kansil MPd, on the occasion expressed his determination to do our best to assist Sarundajang Flammable. "The challenges ahead for the welfare of the people of North Sulawesi, will increasingly kompleks.salah just went one way is to continue to boost the human resource sector pendidikan.sebab the berkualita will be key to the success of development in the areas of social, political, and cultural. "said the former head of department Kansil Flammable Education.EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTNorth Sulawesi Governor SH Sarundajang delivered a number of achievements in the education sector, the statement of accountability reporting (accountability report) in 2009 in North Sulawesi parliament office.
"The education sector is a cornerstone of human resource development in the area, so that the pedal boot up to the expectations of all parties," said the Governor, before the legislators.Some of the accomplishments achieved in North Sulawesi lapse in 2009, among others, the literacy rate of 99.60% or just 0.4% behind the people who are illiterate or above the national standard of 5%.Partisapasi rough numbers (APK) elementary school (SD) and MI reached 96.15%, and high school (SMP) 98.76%, and upper secondary school (high school) about 83% and all values ​​were above the national target.The average length of schooling is 8.6 years in North Sulawesi or the means to the average population in the region rather close to graduating from high school or junior high school located on the class III Semester II, capain figure was above the national 7.1 years.Besides the quality of education has grown nationally to pilot school adri international school consisting of three elementary schools, six junior high school, high school three schools, and nine vocational schools, he said.SHS raise QUALITY EDUCATIONAnyone who wants to survive and exist in the 21st century the century of competition was filled with those who are able and willing to provide a large portion of the world's attention pendidikan.sebab no longer inevitable, they are failing and unable to compete, baikindividu, organization, region or country are those who quality human resource department is weak and pas-pasan.sebaliknya they exist are successful and those who excel in the quality of human resources, see America, singapore, japan, china, and europe.
History has recorded with gold ink that big leaps renewal is happening in this world is the work of the quality, berpendidikan.hal This also makes the argument we put aharapan mengepa great academics to Sinyo Harry Sarundajang (SHS) untukmelanjutkan large programs in North Sulawesi, which is due to penegembangan keperpihakannya quality of human resources (HR), says Dr Max Ruindungan, expert educational administration from the State University of Manado (UNIMA0 answer pertannyan of Manado Post reporter.According to Max Ruindungan, a new paradigm of economic development of northern Sulawesi as a gateway to eastern Asia and the Pacific have been well placed education as the engine of growth engine growth.atau / perubahan.dalam such a context, I support the SHS program that wants to modernize schools rural areas, including improving the quality of teachers and an additional 200 personnel declared a target and a thousand magister.tegas ruindungan doctor.Max menembahkan Ruindungan, target young workers predicated SHS doctor reproduce up to 200 should also was designed for up to 10 years to grow to 1,000 new doctoral and master new 5000an. "This will be a mainstay and a very powerful source of energy for North Sulawesi to exist in the era sharp competition ahead, "said Max.In a separate Prof Dr Ellem Kumaat, doctor expert techniques that manta French graduate faculty of Engineering Dean of the University of Sam Ratulangi (UNSRAT) said that anyone should honestly admit, north Sulawesi has appeared proud in national and international forums in the era of SHS leadership these last five years.
SHS five-year agenda that is about to push forward all-out world of education in North Sulawesi as well as to support and berfungsinnya terciptannya gate north Sulawesi to eastern Asia and the Pacific into its own grace and blessing of all rakyat.karena it should have been a big agenda in education and SHS realization of the gateway to eastern Asia and the Pacific are to be enjoyed broad support from the community northern Sulawesi.This agenda jug, added Prof. Ellen, should be understood as a major contribution in the SHS for the construction of a new generation of Sulawesi utara.Generasi didalamnnya future will come enjoy our grandchildren, "so, SHS not think for a moment of political interests, nor is it merely the pursuit of power alone, but SHS would like to dedicate precious treasure for generations anank children and grandchildren, "said Prof. Ellen.While the statement of Prof. Ellen, prof Dr Venetia Danes cardiologist doctor graduates from universities in Australia and Melbourne University lecturer Sam Ratulangi (UNSRAT) Manado to remind all parties that future human anatr quality competition is inevitable. "Means, if Flammable human quality bias is not relied upon to compete in the global arena, including his own in North Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, as well as part of global.maka he will be marginalized and cumin penonton.ini we certainly do not want, because it let's support the quality of human resource development agenda that has been in the launch palm SHS , 'said Prof Venne Danes.
 According to Prof. Danne, the potential is contained in a high quality of humans is much more powerful if the scrutiny of natural resource wealth sekalipun.sebab high-quality human resources can be created, capable of making a breakthrough, and able to make changes to the changes, while certainly capable berinovasi.sementara resources
nature can be discharged, but the usual creative people qualified to take place continuously.So, I agree with SHS gives large portion of the development of quality human resources in Any Field, as well as means to build and help all the citizens of North Sulawesi, which does require a good education, said Prof. Venne
  

sources :


Simple Blog John C. Bock, the Education and Development: A Conflict Meaning (1992),

The Book "Building Without Corruption" Author Drs.Sinyo Harry Sarundajang, published (2011),

Final Test

Chapter III. Analyze Consumer Market1.Beberapa factors that influence consumer behavior are:A.Factor Social / cultural1.Group
    Attitudes and behaviors are influenced by many small groups. Group in which the person is having a direct effect called group membership. Membership consists of two groups, covering primary groups (family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers) and the secondary groups are more formal and have a little routine interactions (religious groups, professional associations and trade unions). (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, pp. 203-204).Influence 2.Family
    Families provide a great influence in buying behavior. Market participants have examined the role and influence of husbands, wives, and children in the purchasing of different products and services. Children as an example, give a great influence in decisions involving the fast food restaurant. (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, p.204).3.Roles and Status

  Someone has a few groups such as families, associations, organizations. A role consists of activities that are expected to be done in person in accordance with those around him. Each role carries a status reflecting the general award given by the community (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.135).2.CultureBasic values, perceptions, desires, and behaviors that one has learned through family and other important institutions (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.129). The most basic determinant of a person's wants and behavior. Culture, compromising the basic values, perceptions, desires, and behavior of someone who learned on an ongoing basis in an environment. (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, pp.201-202).a.Subculture

 A group of people who share a common value system based on life experiences and circumstances, such as nationality, religion, and region (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.130). Although consumers in different countries have something in common, values, attitudes, and behavior often differ dramatically. (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, p.202).b. Social Class
    Grouping of individuals based on common values, interests, and behavior. Social groups are not only determined by one factor such as income, but is determined also by the employment, education, wealth, and others (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.132).Personal B.Faktora. Economic Situation
   One's economic situation will affect the choice of products, such as rolex positioned upmarket consumers while TIMEX is intended for medium consumers. Economic situation of a person's extremely affecting product selection and purchasing decisions on a particular product (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.137).b.Lifestyle
    Pattern of one's life is expressed in the activities, interests, and opinions that person. The people who come from cultural, social class, and the same job may have a different lifestyle (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.138)c. Personality and Self Concept
   Personality is a unique characteristic of the psychology that leads to the stability and response to the continual improvement of the environment itself, for example, people who are confident, dominant, sociable, autonomous, defensive, adaptable, aggressive (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.140) . Each person has a complex self-image, and behavior tend to be consistent with the self-concept (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, p.212).d. Age and Life Cycle Stage
    People change the goods and services purchased over the life cycle. Taste of food, clothes, furniture, and recreation is often associated with age, buying also shaped by family life cycle. Important factors associated with age is often overlooked by traders. This may be due to the large difference in age between those who determine the marketing strategy and the people who buy a product or service. (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, pp.205-206)e.Occupation
    One's work affects the goods and services purchased. For example, construction workers often buy lunch from the catering to coming to work. Business executives, buy lunch from full service restaurants, while office workers bring their lunch from home or bought from nearby fast food restaurants (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, p. 207).C.FactorPsychologicala.Motivation
    Urgent need to direct a person to seek satisfaction of needs. Based on Maslow's theory, one driven by a need at a time. Human needs arranged according to a hierarchy, from most urgent to least urgent (psychological needs, safety, social, self-esteem, self-actualizing). When the most urgent needs had been satisfied, the requirement ceases to be a motivator, and that person will then try to satisfy the next most important needs (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, p.214).b.Perception
    Perception is the process by which a person chooses, organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world. People can form a variety of different perceptions of the same stimuli (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2003, p.215).c.Learning

 Learning is a process, which is always evolving and changing as a result of new information received (may be obtained from reading, discussion, observation, thinking) or from actual experience, both received the latest information and personal experience to act as a feedback for the individual and provide the basis for future behavior in similar situations (Schiffman, Kanuk, 2004, p.207).d.Beliefs and AttitudeBeliefs are ideas that a person believes something descriptive. Beliefs can be based on indigenous knowledge, opinions, and faith (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.144). While attitudes are evaluations, feeling like it or not, and the trend is relatively consistent from person to an object or idea (Kotler, Armstrong, 2006, p.145).2. According to Maslow, humans are motivated to meet the needs of his life. These needs have tiers or hierarchy, starting from the lowest (basic nature / physiological) to the highest (self-actualization). Hierarchy of needs (the hierarchy of needs) of Maslow states that human beings have five kinds of needs are physiological needs (physiological needs), safety and security needs (the need for security), love and belonging needs (the need for compassion and a sense of belonging), esteem needs (need for self-esteem), and self-actualization (the need for self-actualization).1.Needs physiological (Physiological)This type of requirement is related to the fulfillment of basic needs of all people like, eat, drink, breathe air, and so forth. Included is also a need for rest, or small bowel, avoid pain, and sex. If basic needs are not met, then the body would be susceptible to the disease, feel weak, do not fit, so the process to meet the needs may be further hampered. This also applies to any kind of requirement, namely, if there are unmet needs, it will be difficult to meet the higher needs.2.Kebutuhan sense of security and protection (Safety and security needs)When a person's physiological needs are met appropriately, the need for security began to emerge. State security, stability, protection and order will become an increasing necessity. If not met, then there will be anxiety and fear that can inhibit the fulfillment of other needsWill 

1. 3.Kebutuhan compassion and a sense of belonging (love and belonging needs)

When someone feels that both types of requirements above are met, then it will start to arise needs for love and belonging. It can be seen in a person's efforts to find and make friends, lovers, children, or even the desire to be part of a specific community such as football teams, clubs and so on stream. If not met, then the feelings of loneliness will arise.4.Kebutuhan self-esteem (esteem needs)Then, after the three requirements above are met, there will be a need for self-esteem. According to Maslow, there are two types, one lower and one higher. Lower one related to the need for such a status, attention, and reputation. While the higher one is related to the need for confidence, competence, achievement, independence and freedom. If this requirement is not met, then it may arise feelings of inferiority and inferior.5.Kebutuhan self-actualization (self actualization)Last needs Maslow hierarchy of needs according to the need for self-actualization. This type of requirement is closely related to the desire to create and develop your own potential. According to Abraham Maslow, the personality can achieve top ranking when primary needs are a lot of experience of interaction with each other, and with one's self-actualization will be able to take advantage of the potential factors are perfectly3. 5 Stages of Consumer Purchase Decision MakingBy philip kotler (2003:224) on the purchase decision process for a consumer in five stages, namely:A. Introduction of IssuesThe purchase process begins when the buyer recognizes a problem or need. These needs can be triggered by internal or external stimuli. In one case, hunger, thirst, can become a driving force or trigger the activity of purchase. In some other cases, requirements can also be driven by external requirements, for example when someone smelled a fragrant cuisine of the restaurant he'd feel hungry or want someone to own a car like those of its neighbors.At this stage, marketers need to identify circumstances that could lead to consumer needs. Marketers may conduct research on the consumer to identify the most frequent stimuli arouse their interest in a product.2. Information SearchConsumers who aroused his needs will be encouraged to seek information yag more information. In this stage, information search by consumers can be divided into two levels, namely the situation of information seeking lighter called the strengthening of information. At this level people will find a range of information about a product.At the second level, the consumer may be possible into active information search stage. They will look for information through reading materials, the experience of others, and visit the store to learn about a particular product. That can be a marketer's attention at this stage is how to keep marketers can identify the main sources of consumer information obtained and how these sources of influence on consumer purchasing decisions further.According to Kotler (2003:225) which became the main source for consumers to get information can be classified into four groups, namely:• Private sources: family, friends, neighbors and acquaintances.• Commercial sources: advertising, sales representatives, distributors, packaging, displays in stores.• Public Resources: Media future, determining the organization of consumer ratings.• Sources of experience: handling, assessment, and product usage.In general, consumers get the most information about a product through commercial sources, ie sources that are dominated by marketers. However, the most effective information comes from private sources. Each commercial information its role as a conduit of information, and private sources of legitimacy or the evaluation function. Through an information gathering activity, consumers can learn about the brands that compete with the features of every brand before deciding which brand to buy.3. Evaluation of alternativeIn the next stage, after collecting information about a brand, consumers will evaluate alternatives to some of the brands that produce the same product. At this stage there are three basic concepts that can help marketers understand the consumer evaluation process. First, consumers will try to meet their needs. Second, consumers will look for certain mafaat of product solutions. Third, consumers will view each product as a set of attributes with different abilities in the use and benefits to satisfy that need. Attributes of interest by buyers may vary depending on the type of product. For example, consumers will notice the difference just as sharpness of image attributes, speed cameras, camera size, and price found on a camera.4. Purchasing decisionsIn evaluating alternatives, consumers will develop a confidence in the brand and positioning of each brand on each attribute that led to the formation of brand image. In addition, the alternative evaluation stage the consumer also formed a preference for brands that exist in a private collection, and consumers will also form the intention to buy the brand most preferable and results in a purchase decision.At the stage of the buying decision, consumers are influenced by two main factors that exists between purchase intent and purchase decisions are:• The attitude of others, namely the extent to which attitudes of others reduces a person's preferred alternative will depend on two things. First, the intensity of the negative attitudes of others toward a preferred alternative to prospective customers. Second, consumer motivation to obey the wishes of others (Fisbhein, in Kotler 2003:227). The more intense the negative attitudes of others and others are getting closer to consumers, then consumers will increasingly change their purchase intention. State preferences of the opposite also applies, buyer preference towards a particular brand will increase if the person he loves is also very fond of the same brand.• The second factor is the factor of unanticipated situations that may reduce consumer purchase intent. For example, consumers may lose their purchasing intentions when he lost his job or a more pressing need at the unexpected.Consumer's decision to modify, delay or avoid purchasing decision is influenced by the risk that thought (Raymond, in Kotler 2003:228). As the amount of money to be spent, and the magnitude of the uncertainty of the attributes of consumer confidence. In this case, marketers must understand the factors that cause feelings in consumers will be the risks and provide information and support to reduce the risk of the consumer thinks.5. Post-Purchase BehaviorAfter purchasing the product, consumers will experience a certain level of satisfaction or discontent. Duties of marketers simply do not end when the product is purchased. The marketers need to monitor the post-purchase satisfaction, post-purchase measures and post-purchase product usage.Post-purchase satisfactionBuyer satisfaction is a function of buyer expectations sberapa close to the performance of the products the buyer thinks the product. If the performance of the products is lower than expectations, the buyer will be disappointed. Conversely, if the performance of the products is higher than the expectations of consumers, the buyer will be satisfied. The feelings that will decide whether consumers will buy back the brand that has been bought and decided to become the customer brand or merferensikan brand to others.The importance of post-purchase satisfaction indicates that the sellers will have to mention what the actual product performance. Some sellers have even suggested that a lower performance so consumers will have higher satisfaction than those expected for the product.Post-purchase actionsSatisfaction and dissatisfaction with the product will influence subsequent consumer behavior. If consumers are satisfied it will show a higher likelihood to repurchase the product. Instead jka consumers are not satisfied, then it probably will not buy that brand again.Post-purchase use and disposalIn addition to post-purchase behavior, and post-purchase actions, marketers also touched monitor the way consumers use and dispose of the product. This is done to avoid things that can hurt themselves the consumer, and environmental misuse, excessive or irresponsible4.Implikasi for a marketerAs a marketer, of course, a powerful need to know the steps to analyze the buying decision is said to be a very important thing in because to create a good marketing strategy should also be coupled with knowledge of the buying decision analysis. A purchasing process begins when the buyer recognizes a problem or need. These needs can be triggered by internal or external stimuli in other words the purchase decision will be created if there is a push to make ends meet, At this stage the marketers need to identify circumstances that could lead to the introduction konsumen.selain needs to be aware of this problem is also stimulated Consumers needs will be encouraged to seek information yag more information.Markets & chapter segments IV.Identifying1 .. a Homogeneous Market (Homogeneous Preferences) is a market where all consumers can be said to have the same pattern (Both the Price and Quality). The consumer has the same fondness for the brand in the market, in other words the market is simply to Sell only one type of item.2. Niche market is a niche market in which a specific product focus to be sold to a group of people. This market niche audiences niche is filled by a group of people who have similar interests, for example, the new order era stamp collector. Chris Anderson in his book The Long Tail explained that the sales strategy by selling a unique product to the unique market niche even in small quantities when combined will be large numbers and can even beat the market leader.In the context of online marketing, we market the product is the keyword, that keyword should be unique, targeted to niche audiences and relevant to what they are looking for. This is what form the niche market of our keywords. With sophisticated search engines, niche market will be easy to set up and analyzed through the search results.There are four things that make up the instruments of market niche that isA. Unique products and servicesAs a new player if the products and services sold are too general usually will get a very tight competition because it has been occupied by others before. Unique is the keyword niche market, products and services that are unique and attractive usually have their fans. By developing the market of a product or service niche market then you will form yourself about what is desired by your market niche.To begin your search for a niche market we have to do research on a regular keyword search. Suppose your product is batik as a primary market niche is batik will be a keyword but not desired by the people. When we write "batik" in the search engines are likely to emerge is the variety of information about batik and not the unique products and services you offer. You must use the keywords more in making better use of the keyword "parang batik shirt" in which the search results will be completely relevant to the niche market you want to go that is, those who seek parang batik shirt.3. There is a demandUnique products and services without the demand that would clearly be futile. When you enter your keywords in your website but do not have the unique potential that there would be no coming into your website. In the google adword keyword tool when you type a keyword that appears is the target of the statistics how many search results on the keyword in a month. The greater the demand and the lower the competition, the more potential keywords for your niche market.4. Competition is not too heavyNiche market that has been filled by heavyweights such as ehow.com players or about.com certainly would be hard to beat unless you use a certain trick.Internet users use the internet with a variety of different ways, some use for academic affairs, entertainment or just looking for information. Make your market niche by providing useful content as interesting and as relevant as possible so that later on can be a sale for you3. Local Marketing (Local Marketing) is a strategy and actions to communicate with your customers in a manner and with the message, which is relevant and meaningful based on local differences. The purpose of the Local Marketing is to drive profitable customer behavior as a result of more targeted communications.Key dimensions of the Local Marketing: Segmentation, Media and Message. Segmentation refers to how one group is distinguished from other customers. Media refers to a form of communication that will be used - local advertising, POP signage, coupons, direct marketing, etc. The message is what you say and how you say it in a way that forces the target customers to act.Local marketing success of any initiative depends on these elements work together, but the order in which each developed to play a key role in long-term effectiveness of the initiative. Segmentation comes first, followed by selection of the Media, and then Messaging. The fourth dimension, measurement, it is important to encourage the growth and evolution from Local Marketing efforts.Segmentation to identify "who" you targetkan.Pemilihan media to determine "how" you will convey the message Anda.Menetapkan Message "what" you berkomunikasi.Pengukuran collect data that can be used to guide the future of the program cycle.Local Marketing programs can be started without a complex segmentation and messaging, while using a single media type. However, this program should be designed to support, more sophisticated data-based messaging system that will evolve over time.Too many companies fail because their marketing initiatives began with the mass marketing tools and processes but can not support further segmentation according to the needs become apparent. Local marketing is not an event or campaign, but must be an ongoing process and developingcustomerization is one form of a strategic buyer. It is under the control of and initiated by their customers. The focus is to help customers to better identify or define for themselves what they want-they are a way for companies to adapt personalization and one-to-one marketing to exploit the marketing environment digital.Customerization "build-to-order" mass customization process to provide a product or service that best suits the needs of indigenous peoples. In fact, this product is sold before it was produced! Instead, they are essentially one-to-one marketing and personalization is not Necessarily initiated by the customer or executed under thetheir control. More importantly, they are not closely integrated with production and marketing supply chain.4. Variables in the segmentation are:1.Demografis (Demographic segmentation)Segmentation is done by dividing the market into groups based on demographic variables such as age, gender, family size, income, race, education, occupation, geographical.2.Psikografis (psychographic segmentation)Segmentation is done by dividing the market into different groups according to social class, lifestyle, personality, and others. Demographic information is very useful, but do not always provide enough information to divide customers into segments, necessitating segment based psychografis to better understand the characteristics of the consumer.3.Perilaku (Behavioral segmentation)Segmentation is done by dividing consumers into segments based on how the behavior, habits, feelings, and how consumers use goods / consumption situation and brand loyalty. The way to make this segment is to divide the market into users and non-users of the product4.Geografi (Geographic segmentation)This segmentation is done by dividing consumers into segments based on the topography of an area or in other words, segmentation based on region, for example, an area that has a highland or lowland of course taking into account existing market sharesegmentation variables can help us to achieve the targets we want to market our products or the target purchasers of our products.Chapter V.Building Strong Brands1.Berangkat From the article had been in lay out the implications for marketers is what are the benefits of the digital world in the century era might have been seen together ini.kita which many a big-brand Brand was born and raised through this in the background social media.hal backs by marketing through social media is more efficient and less well mudah.tidak marketers use social media as a tool scraper profits by exploiting multiple social media such as stores and kaskus.hal bagus.com.Blog is because marketers can easily see the competitor- their competitors introduce new innovations of their own products, and learn to try to develop products that have become bigger because it has to know the strength of our other competitors products.2. Integrated Marketing is a marketing planning process that integrates and terorganisir.untuk introduced the concept of comprehensive planning to evaluate the strategic role of the various elements of marketing, such as public relations, advertising, direct selling, sales promotion and interactive marketing, to provide clarity, consistency, and the influence maximum communication. Integrated marketing is often referred to as Integrated Marketing is a process of business strategy in managing relationships with its core consumers to drive brand value (brand value).3. Life cycle of a product that consists of four stages, namely: introduce, growth, maturity and decline.1) Phase Introductions Introduce aliasAt this introductory stage or introduce new products were born and there is no target consumers who know that it takes the introduction of products with a variety of ways to target markets with a variety of mounting cara.misalnya Advertising in electronic media and print media.2) Phase Growth Growth aliasWhen it is at this growth stage, consumers began to recognize the company's product sales and production with the number rapidly increasing profits coupled with strong promotion. This will cause more and more sellers and distributors are also involved in order to take advantage of the growing market demand for the company's products.3) Phase alias Maturity MaturityIn the maturity stage (maturity) is the company's products have a saturation point it is characterized by the addition of existing customers so sales figures remain at a certain point. If the product has reached this stage, and the company did not immediately make a strategy to attract the attention of consumers and traders. This will lead to declining profits and sales are likely to fall.4) Decline Stage aka The decreaseIn the decline stage of becoming obsolete consumer products companies to switch to another product because the product is not meeting the needs of consumers or any other products that are better in terms of both quality and quantity. This will result in the number of sales and profits obtained by producers and traders will decline drastically or slowly but surely and eventually die.When viewed from different definitions of the stages in the cycle, it can be said that electronic products usually have a rapid life cycle stages of decline experienced, this was due to the ever-evolving technological advances over time. Example, with a capacity of 128 MByte flash, surely it's been experiencing decline stage. Now if people want to intend to buy the flash may be set to buy a flash with a capacity of at least 2 Gigabyte. Even electronics stores and computer is no longer mnyediakan flash with a capacity of 128 Megabytes. While the life cycle of a product that has a little longer to reach the stage of decline is the food and drinks (depending on the type of food and drink). Examples of rice, I guarantee that 10 years would still loyal to the Indonesian people eat rice. Other examples of aqua, aqua since its establishment until now (many years) still lead the market and still in the stage of growth. Maybe if one day clear water becomes scarce in Indonesia, certainly more aqua products sold in the market.